Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders ( Fasd ) - 1992 Words

Although throughout the United States activist and educational campaigns have flooded U.S citizens with education on the detrimental effects of maternal alcohol consumption, women are still continuing to consume alcohol while pregnant. Fifty three percent of non-pregnant woman drink alcohol, and despite health warnings, twelve percent of pregnant mothers in the United States still consume alcohol (Pruett Waterman Caughey, 2013, p. 62). Fetal alcohol exposure is also believed to be widely underreported in the United States (Pruett et al., 2013, p. 66). Current research concludes that there is no safe level of alcohol consumption, nor a safe time during gestation for alcohol consumption to take place (National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome [NOFAS], 2014). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) is an umbrella term used for the various conditions that maternal alcohol consumption causes. Although each case of FASD can present differently, cognitive disabilities, facial deform ities, and growth retention are a few of the hallmark adverse effects that alcohol has when it enters fetal circulation (Paley O’Connor, 2011, p. 64). The United States is impacted economically by these debilitating conditions as well, as it costs our nation $746 million dollars annually to care for these children (Bhuvaneswar, Chang, Epstein Stern, 2007, p. 3). Nurses in America, and across the globe have a key role in helping to eliminate, and minimize adverse effects of these conditionsShow MoreRelatedFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder ( Fasd )1603 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder â€Å"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is an umbrella term describing the range of effects that can occur in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. These effects may include physical, mental, behavioral, and/or learning disabilities with possible lifelong implications† (HHS, 2005). FASD refers to conditions such as: fetal alcohol syndrome including partial FAS, fetal alcohol effects (FAE), alcohol related neurodevelopment disorder, alcohol-relatedRead MoreFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder ( Fasd )1451 Words   |  6 PagesPei,†Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) refers to the diagnoses of damage caused to the fetus by alcohol exposure† (2012). It is the cause of abnormalities in children and can include effects such as communicating, socializing, controlling emotions, learning, remembering, understanding and following directions, and daily life skills. Some of the abnormalities caused by this disorder includes wide-set and narrow eyes, g rowth problems, and nervous system abnormalities. Having this disorder lastsRead MoreFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder ( Fasd )1727 Words   |  7 Pagesdrink during her pregnancy as it can cause Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a fairly new disorder. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during her pregnancy. Unfortunately, the issue has evolved into a moral panic due to the stigma. There is stigma for the mothers for drinking during pregnancy and the children having FASD. While FASD doesn’t discriminate social economic statusRead MoreFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder ( Fasd )2000 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a general term consist disabilities when a mother consumes alcohol during her pregnancy. The medical prognosis of FASD includes: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (PFAS), Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND) and Alcohol Related Birth Defects (ARBD). Moreover, teratogen is a harmful agent that can interrupt the development of an embryo. For instance, alcohol is teratogen. As per Health Canada, FASD is a leadingRead MoreSchool-age children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) have complex clinical profiles and900 Words   |  4 PagesSchool-age children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) have complex clinical profiles and often struggle to socially communicate in effective and successful ways (Coggins, Olswang, Carmichael Olson, Timler, 2003). It has been estimated that elementary school–age students may spend up to one-quarter to one-half of their school day engaged in paper-a nd-pencil tasks, which include handwriting (McHale Cermak, 1992). Difficulties with handwriting can affect many aspects of a child’s participationRead MoreMarisa Leathers. Kathleen Mccoy. Development Of The Exceptional1537 Words   |  7 PagesChild April 16, 2017 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Discovered in 1973, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders were recognized from a specific pattern of cardiac, craniofacial, and limb defects between unrelated infants. The one thing the infants all had in common was that they were all born to alcoholic mothers (Bradshaw). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, also referred to as FASD for short, can lead to numerous physical and mental defects and disorders alike. These defects and disorders range from mild toRead MoreAdvances Of Treatment Of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Essay1255 Words   |  6 PagesAdvances in Treatment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2015), in 2011 to 2013, one in ten pregnant women reported consuming alcohol in the past 30 days. Additionally, one in 33 women admitted to binge drinking during pregnancy (CDC, 2015). Consummation of alcohol during pregnancy is one of the leading causes for developmental disabilities. The term fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is being increasingly used to refer to theRead MoreLanguage Impairment Of Children With Autism1355 Words   |  6 PagesChildren With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder† from the Journal of population therapeutics and clinical pharmacology The purpose of this study was to identify pronounced deficits in the language of children with FASD. There were fifty children in this study. 27 of the children (10 female) with FASD, and 23 typically developing control children (9 females), ages 5-13. The children with FASD had been diagnosed with an alcohol related disorder. This study analyzes language in children with FASD in orderRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1984 Words   |  8 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) are identified as a category of birth disorders caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. These can include physical or intellectual anomalies, such as cardiac, skeletal, visual, aural, and fine or gross motor problems. (Callanan, 2013) Prevention would involve alcohol use prevention programs for women who are pregnant, and treatment for FAS and FASD would be aimed at helping those affected realize their full potential through bothRead MoreThe Disorder Of Fetal Alcohol Sy ndrome1018 Words   |  5 Pagesexplain the the disorder Fetal Alcohol Syndrome .This paper will aim to discuss what the disorder is ,it s history how it is diagnosed and the treatment and prevention of this disorder. Taking a sip a int hip Introduction :Behold, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and now drink no wine nor strong drink, neither eat any unclean thing(Bible-Judges 13:7).It has been known throughout history that the effects of alcohol use in pregnancy

What Everybody Dislikes About Abnormal Psychology Essay Topics and Why

What Everybody Dislikes About Abnormal Psychology Essay Topics and Why A persuasive essay is a powerful tool when you will need to supply a new vision of a specific topic for the reader. The conclusion is a review of the argument. The topic needs to be good enough to assist you reach to a specific conclusion. It should be broad with a good scope and it should be able to generate a lot of arguments and ideas for you. Evaluating the topic will help to make sure that you provide the ideal answer and that whatever you write is pertinent to the topic. Finding the proper topic is essential to your psychology research writing. Abnormal Psychology Essay Topics - Overview All you will need is to select the one which reflects your private interest and acknowledgment. There's no point of hunting for assistance from agencies that charge plenty of money when you're able to acquire affordable papers from us. Just like any research paper essay, the main issue is to construct your topic and paper with the robust evidence. You are able to even take a person who isn't mindful of what you're writing about and ask that man to read your paper and grade it. Abnormal Psychology Essay Topics - the Conspiracy Psychology rese arch paper is a typical assignment and source of several sleepless nights at college. Finding interesting psychology research paper topics is a true art, as it's an overwhelming and uninteresting job, which is at the identical time very responsible. It is one of the main branches of science and in recent years it has been grown a lot. If you're a student of psychology, you'd be asked to choose a specific topic for the last research paper. Bipolar Disorder is an additional event of psychological occurrences. For example, you could tackle any present issue in psychology like equality in mental wellness. Cognitive psychology tackles the unique mental processes happening in somebody's mind. Social behavior is a rich topic with lots of fun and fascinating regions to explore. A normal examination is essential for parents to look for children's drugs. Keep on reading to discover numerous topics that it is possible to consider. The list of calories ought to be displayed in each fast food restaurant. Because general psychology classes cover such a wide selection of topics, you have a huge collection of subject ideas to pick from. Locating a solid topic is just one of the most crucial steps when writing any kind of paper. For those who haven't decided on the topic still, you ought to choose something familiar to you. For this reason, you ought to be careful by not choosing any topic that has been researched too many times before. Locating a topic for your study can be hard, but there are a lot of great approaches to produce intriguing ideas. The effect which trauma has on abusive circumstances and relationships. Stigmas and too little understanding of the disease stay key barriers to treatment. An intriguing topic in biological psychology is the present state of research for any specific disease and corresponding therapy. In psychology, among the most well-known diseases resulting from dysfunction of the brain is schizophrenia. The Death of Abno rmal Psychology Essay Topics Absolutely free Abnormal Psychology essay samples can be found FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. AP Psychology exam questions usually incorporate precisely the same sort of structure. Modern-day classrooms do not offer enough facilities to manage the examination. Students need more practical subjects to learn the way to use distinctive things. How to Find Abnormal Psychology Essay Topics on the Web Essay writing is a significant portion of your training course. You are able to apply to us as the very best essay writing service in the united states or choose to file your paper without editing and proofreading it. The essay isn't the simplest task to master. Our essay rewriting service is one of the best rewriting services since we constantly deliver top quality essays to all our clientele and make sure they're able to prevent plagiarism. Then the discussion about major regions of psychology will be earned to be able to analyze the important perspectives covered by the social psychology. There are a lot of topics readily available on abnormal psychology. Group behavior study is a significant facet of social psychology. There are a lot of different topics which likewise have a fantastic range of research under the abnormal psychology umbrella.

Political Economy and Foreign Direct Investment in South Africa

Question: Discuss about thePolitical Economy and Foreign Direct Investment in South Africa. Answer: Introduction Though South Africa has devolved so much power to the provincial governments, it is not a federal state. The boundaries and names of the provinces have been set out in the countries constitution. This simply means that for any boundary or name of a province to be changed, and then it must be approved by a required number of members of parliament for this to go through. This approval will then lead to the constitutional amendment that is done on these boundaries and names of the provinces. South Africa has adopted a parliamentary system of government(Anyanwu, 2012). It has a bicameral parliament. The parliament constitutes the National Council of Provinces and the National Assembly. Its parliament is headquartered in Cape Town. South Africas parliament is the most important house in the country and it has four hundred members that are directly elected by the people. The members serve a five-year term. Article 50 of the countries constitution gives the President the power to dissolve the parliament even before the end of its term as long as the majority of members have voted and agreed to do so. The acting President in South Africa has the power to dissolve the parliament in a case where there is no any sitting president. This may occur if the parliament has failed to install a new President within a time frame of thirty days of the occurrence of a vacancy. The national parliament is normally elected by a closed-list proportional representation. About two hundred seats are normally filled from the provincial lists while the rest come from the national list. Parties are always allowed to choose if they wish to bring both national and regional lists. However, the lists are not allowed to have more candidates than the number of seats that are in parliament, especially in the national parliament. Voting and registration is voluntary in South Africa(Asongu, 2016). The only persons allowed to vote in South Africa are the ones over the age of 16 years and poses a valid identity document although the only ones that can vote are citizens over the age of 18 years. For one to be qualified to be an elected member of parliament in South Africa, he or she must be a registered voter. However, those barred from being elected are the members appointed in the public service and also other legislative bodies, anyone convicted of an offence and sentenced to more than twelve months, unrehabilitated insolvents and any person that has been declared as of unsound mind by a court of law(Dunning, 2013). At the moment, the South African citizens that live in the diaspora are also now allowed to vote. The National Assembly mostly dispenses many matters in South Africa. Bills are allowed to be introduced in the South African parliament by individual members, ministers, committees and the deputy ministers. However, the concerned minister can only introduce any bill that is related to dealings of the appropriation of revenue to the provincial governments or the money bills(Jadhav, 2012). The head of government and state is the President who has a constitutional responsibility of upholding, defending and respecting the constitution as the supreme law of the country. The President is the main unifying factor of the country and is responsible for advancing the country. The President is elected by the national parliament during the first sitting or whenever a vacancy arises that needs to be filled within a period of 30 days. The President is only required to serve for two terms. The period between the regular election of a president and a vacancy is not always regarded as a term. The responsibility of signing, assenting of the bills, summoning any house to a special sitting, referring of bills to parliament, making any appointments, referring bills to the constitutional courts, calling a national referendum, appointing commissions, conferring honors and reprieving offenders among others all rest with the President. The cabinet ministers all exercise the executive authority together with the sitting President through the implementation of the national legislation(Kivyiro Arminen, 2014). The cabinet is responsible for implementation and development of the state policies, coordination of the national functions especially in the state administrations and departments, initiation and preparation of legislation and undertaking any other state function that the constitution stipulates. The Legal System South Africas independent judiciary is made up of the High Court, the Supreme Court of Appeal, the Magistrates Courts, the Constitutional Court and other courts that have been established by the Parliamentary Acts. The Chief Justice, the Deputy Chief Justice and nine other judges all constitute the highest court in South Africa called the Constitutional Court. The highest court on land always handles all the major constitutional matters. The highest court makes decisions on disputes arising between the state organs either provincially or nationally. The court decides on the constitutionality of any provincial or national assembly bill in a situation where the President or the Premier asks for a determination about any constitutional amendments. The court also has the mandate of deciding whether the President or the national assembly has failed in fulfilling of a constitutional duty and certifying a provincial constitution. The highest court of appeal in South Africa is the Supreme Court of Appeal. However, it does not decide on constitutional matters. It only handles cases that deal with non-constitutional matters in the country. The High Court is regarded as a superior court of law with seven provincial divisions. It has an overall jurisdiction over a particular geographical location. It handles serious civil matters and criminal cases particularly those that involve over 100,000 rands. The Magistrate courts mostly handle claims under 100,000. The Magistrate courts act as a first instance for many criminal cases in South Africa. The Regional courts only handle serious cases that cannot be handled at a lower level. Economic System of South Africa South Africas economy is the second largest after Nigeria in Africa. Its economy is said to account for about 24 percent of all Africas gross domestic product. The World Bank ranks South Africa as an upper-middle-income economy. The others in Africa ranked the same are Mauritius, Botswana and Gabon(Ravenhill, 2014). South Africas Gross Domestic Product is said to have tripled to about $400 billion ever since its international sanctions were lifted in the year 1996. It has increased its foreign reserve from $3 billion to about $ 50 billion. This has enabled it to create a diversified economy that has a sizable and growing middle class after the abolishment of apartheid. However, a myriad of several problems like political mismanagement, income inequality, and crime, lack of enough electricity and low levels of education are affecting the country. These have affected its economy negatively. South Africas Attractiveness Due to its free-market, it has always encouraged its foreign investment in both the private and public sectors. There are some factors that contribute to foreign investment that include: access to raw materials, transparent regulatory framework, political stability and a huge population. It has a great potential for promising foreign investment when compared to other African countries(Asongu, 2016). Its foreign investment has been on the rise due to improvement and investment in its infrastructure. It is still ranked as the highest most attractive economy to invest in the African continent despite all the challenges it is currently facing like the slow growth and gloomy ratings. References Jadhav, P. (2012). Determinants of foreign direct investment in BRICS economies: Analysis of economic, institutional and political factor.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,37, 5-14. Kivyiro, P., Arminen, H. (2014). Carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, and foreign direct investment: Causality analysis for Sub-Saharan Africa.Energy,74, 595-606. Anyanwu, J. C. (2012). Why does foreign direct investment go where it goes? New evidence from African countries.Annals of Economics and Finance,13(2), 425-462. Asongu, S. A. (2016). Law and investment in Africa.Institutions and Economies,8(2). Dunning, J. H. (2013). The role of foreign direct investment in a globalizing economy.PSL Quarterly Review,48(193). Ravenhill, J. (2014).Global political economy. Oxford University Press.

Utilitarianism Essay Thesis Example For Students

Utilitarianism Essay Thesis UtilitarianismAt the outset of the nineteenth century, an influential group of British thinkers developed a set of basic principles for addressing social problems. Extrapolating from Humes emphasis on the natural human interest in utility, reformer Jeremy Bentham proposed a straightforward quantification of morality by reference to utilitarian outcomes. His An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) offers a simple statement of the application of this ethical doctrine. Benthams moral theory was founded on the assumption that it is the consequences of human actions that count in evaluating their merit and that the kind of consequence that matters for human happiness is just the achievement of pleasure and avoidance of pain. He argued that the hedonistic value of any human action is easily calculated by considering how intensely its pleasure is felt, how long that pleasure lasts, how certainly and how quickly it follows upon the performance of the action, and how likely it is to produce collateral benefits and avoid collateral harms. Taking such matters into account, we arrive at a net value of each action for any human being affected by it. All that remains, Bentham supposed, is to consider the extent of this pleasure, since the happiness of the community as a whole is nothing other than the sum of individual human interests. We will write a custom essay on Utilitarianism Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The principle of utility, then, defines the meaning of moral obligation by reference to the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people who are affected by performance of an action. Similarly, Bentham supposed that social policies are properly evaluated in light of their effect on the general well-being of the populations they involve. Punishing criminals is an effective way of deterring crime precisely because it pointedly alters the likely outcome of their actions, attaching the likelihood of future pain in order to outweigh the apparent gain of committing the crime. Thus, punishment must fit the crime by changing the likely perception of the value of committing it. John Stuart MillMill Life and Works. . Utilitarianism. . Individual Liberty. . Womens Rights Bibliography Internet Sources A generation later, utilitarianism found its most effective exponent in John Stuart Mill. Raised by his father, the philosopher James Mill, on strictly Benthamite principles, Mill devoted his life to the defence and promotion of the general welfare. With the help his long-time companion Harriet Taylor, Mill became a powerful champion of lofty moral and social ideals.Mills Utilitarianism (1861) is an extended explanation of utilitarian moral theory. In an effort to respond to criticisms of the doctrine, Mill not only argued in favor of the basic principles of Jeremy Bentham but also offered several significant improvements to its structure, meaning, and application. Although the progress of moral philosophy has been limited by its endless disputes over the reality and nature of the highest good, Mill assumed from the outset, everyone can agree that the consequences of human actions contribute importantly to their moral value. (Utilitarianism 1) Mill fully accepted Benthams devotion to greatest happiness principle as the basic statement of utilitarian value: . . . actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure. (Utilitarianism 2)But he did not agree that all differences among pleasures can be quantified. On Mills view, some kinds of pleasure experienced by human beings also differ from each other in qualitative ways, and only those who have experienced pleasure of both sorts are competent judges of their relative quality. This establishes the moral worth of promoting higher (largely intellectual) pleasures among sentient beings even when their momentary intensity may be less than that of alternative lower (largely bodily) pleasures. Even so, Mill granted that the positive achievement of happiness is often difficult, so that we are often justified morally in seeking primarily to reduce the total amount of pain experienced by sentient beings affected by our actions. Painor even the sacrifice of pleasureis warranted on Mills view only when it results directly in the greater good of all. Against those who argue that the utilitarian theory unreasonably demands of individual agents that they devote their primary energies to the cold-hearted and interminable calculation of anticipated effects of their actions, Mill offered a significant qualification. Precisely because we do not have the time to calculate accurately in every instance, he supposed, we properly allow our actions to be guided by moral rules most of the time. Partly anticipating the later distinction between act and rule utilitarianism, Mill pointed out that secondary moral principles at the very least perform an important service by providing ample guidance for every-day moral life. Finally, however, he emphasized that the value of each particular actionespecially in difficult or controversial casesis to be determined by reference to the principle of utility itself. What motivates people to do the right thing? Mill claimed universal agreement on the role of moral sanctions in eliciting proper conduct from human agents. (Utilitarianism 3) But unlike Bentham, Mill did not restrict himself to the socially-imposed external sanctions of punishment and blame, which make the consequences of improper action more obviously painful. On Mills view, human beings are also motivated by such internal sanctions as self-esteem, guilt, and conscience. Because we all have social feelings on behalf of others, the unselfish wish for the good of all is often enough to move us to act morally. Even if others do not blame or punish me for doing wrong, I am likely to blame myself, and that bad feeling is another of the consequent pains that I reasonably consider when deciding what to do. In Chapter Four, Mill offers as proof of the principle of utility an argument originally presented by his father, James Mill. The best evidence of the desirability of happiness is that people really do desire it; and since each individual human being desires her own happiness, it must follow that all of us desire the happiness of everyone. Thus, the Mills argued, the greatest pleasure of all is morally desirable. (Utilitarianism 4) The argument doesnt hold up well at all in logical terms, since each of its inferences is obviously fallacious, but Mill may have been correct in supposing on psychological grounds that seeking pleasure and avoiding pain are the touchstones by which most of us typically live. Finally, Mill argued that social applications of the principle of utility are fully consistent with traditional concern for the promotion of justice. .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 , .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .postImageUrl , .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 , .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868:hover , .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868:visited , .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868:active { border:0!important; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868:active , .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Life Experiences In Farewell T Essay Justice involves respect for the property, rights, and deserts of individual citizens, along with fundamental presumptions in favor of good faith and impartiality. All of these worthwhile components of justice are adequately preserved by conscientious application of the principle of utility, Mill supposed, since particular cases of each clearly result in the greatest happiness of all affected parties. (Utilitarianism 5) Although a retributive sentiment in favor of punishing wrong-doers may also be supposed to contribute to the traditional concept of justice, Mill insisted that the appropriately limited use of external sanctions on utili tarian grounds better accords with a legitimate respect for the general welfare. Mill also pointed out that the defence of individual human freedom is especially vital to living justly, but that had been the subject of another book. On LibertyJohn Stuart Mills On Liberty (1859) is the classic statement and defence of the view that governmental encroachment upon the freedom of individuals is almost never warranted. A genuinely civil society, he maintained, must always guarantee the civil liberty of its citizenstheir protection against interference by an abusive authority. This is true even when the government itself relies upon the democratic participation of the people. (On Liberty 1) The tyranny of the majority is especially dangerous to individual liberty, Mill supposed, because the most commonly recommended remedy is to demand that the recalcitrant minority either persuade the majority to change its views or learn to conform to socially accepted norms. Mill had a different notion. The proper balance between individual liberty and governmental authority, he proposed, can be stated as a simple principle: The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. (On Liberty 1)Although society has a clear responsibility for protecting its citizens from each other, it has no business interfering with the rest of what they do. In particular, anything that directly affects only the individual citizen must remain absolutely free. On Mills view, this entails in particular that the government is never justified in trying to control, limit, or restrain: 1) private thoughts and feelings, along with their public expression, 2) individual tastes and pursuits as efforts to live happily, or 3) the association of like-minded individuals with each other. (On Liberty 1) No society is truly free unless its individual citizens are permitted to take care of themselves. Considering first freedom of thought and discussion, Mill argued that because even a majority opinion is fallible, society should always permit the expression of minority views. There is a chance, after all, that the unconventional opinion will turn out, in the long run, to be correct, in which case the entire society would suffer if it were never allowed to come to light. Sincere devotion to the truth requires open inquiry, not the purposeful silencing of alternative views that might prove to be right. (On Liberty 2) Even if the unconventional opinion turns out to be incorrect, Mill argued, there is still good reason to encourage its free expression. The truth can only be enlivened and strengthened by exposure to criticism and debate through which the majority view is shown not to be merely an inadequately grounded superstition. (On Liberty 2) In the most common instance, Mill supposed, there will actually turn out to be some measure of falsity in the clearest truth and some element of truth in the most patent falsehood. Thus, on every possible occasion, encouraging civil discussion of alternative views genuinely benefits society as a whole. Mill supposed that behavior as well as thought often deserves protection against social encroachment. Human action should arise freely from the character of individual human beings, not from the despotic influence of public opinion, custom, or expectation. No matter what patterns of behavior may constitute the way we ought to be, he argued, each person must choose her or his own path in life, even if it differs significantly from what other people would recommend. (On Liberty 3) No less than in the realm of thought, in the realm of behavior unconventionality and originality are often signs of great personal genius, which should never be curtailed by social pressures. In summary, then, Mill emphasized that individual citizens are responsible for themselves, their thoughts and feelings, and their own tastes and pursuits, while society is properly concerned only with social interests. In particular, the state is justified in limiting or controlling the conduct of individuals only when doing so is the only way to prevent them from doing harm to others by violating their rights. (On Liberty 4) Where the conduct in question affects only the person who does iteven if it clearly results in harm to that personthe state has no business in even trying to suppress the mode of being that person has chosen. Thus, on Mills view, legislation that attempts to promote good conduct or to prevent people from harming themselves is always wrong. The line he drew between private and social concerns is a fairly clear one: society should not endeavor to limit my drinking, but rightly prosecutes me for harming others while drunk. In the essays final chapter, Mill carefully noted several apparent exceptions to the general principle. (On Liberty 5) Governmental interference is not necessary even in some of the instances where it might be justifiable. Economic life involves social interest and may therefore be subject to regulation, even though free trade is often more effective. Speech or action by one individual that encourages someone else to commit self-harm is appropriately restricted. Indirect action by the state designed to encourage or discourage (without requiring or restraining) individual conduct is permissible; in fact, doing so is simply good utilitarian legislation. According to Mill, the states legitimate interest in preventing harm to its citizens extends even into the domain of family life, as in forbidding spousal abuse or providing for the education of children. .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 , .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .postImageUrl , .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 , .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230:hover , .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230:visited , .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230:active { border:0!important; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230:active , .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Canterbury Tales By Chaucer (1572 words) Essay Finally, Mill noted that even if the involvement of the government in some specific aspect of the lives of its citizens does not violate their individual liberty, there may remain other good reasons for avoiding it. If the conduct to be regulated can be performed better by individuals themselves, if it is more desirable that it be done by them, or if regulation would add significantly to the already-dangerous power of the social establishment, then the state ought not to be allowed to interfere. (On Liberty 5) Mills conclusion, then, is strictly in favor of liberty: governmental action is legitimate only when demonstrably nece ssary for the protection of other citizens from direct harm caused by the conduct in question. On every other contingency, the liberty of the individual should remain inviolate. The Subjection of WomenOne of John Stuart Mills last and finest literary efforts was written in support of a political cause of which he had long been a leading champion. The Subjection of Women (1869) offered both detailed argumentation and passionate eloquence in bitter opposition to the social and legal inequalities commonly imposed upon women by a patriarchal culture. Mill granted the practical difficulty of arguing successfully against an opinion that is widely-held and deeply-entrenched even though it relies upon nothing better than a vaguely-expressed presumption of the natural superiority of males. In fact, Mill pointed out, the domination of men over womenlike conquest or slavery in any other formoriginated in nothing more than the brute application of physical power. But this reliance upon physical force as a means of obtaining and maintaining control over other human beings has been abandoned in every other area of political life. The social subordination of women thus stands out an isolated fact in modern social institutions; a solitary breach of what has become their fundamental law . . . . (Subjection of Women 1)Mill argued that reliance upon physical strength and violence should not be tolerated in this instance, either. Although it is often claimed that male domination over women is a purely natural expression of biological necessity, Mill found little genuine evidence for this. Any conventional social discrimination, made familiar by long experience and social prevalence, will come to seem natural to those who have never contemplated any alternative. The appearance of voluntary submission by women is even more misleading, on Mills view, since it could as easily reflect enslavement of mind and feeling as genuine sentiment. Certainly men, whose awareness of womens thinking is severly limited, are in no position to speak confidently about what women really want: Many a man thinks he perfectly understands women, because he has had amatory relations with several, perhaps with many of them. If he is a good observer, and his experience extends to quality as well as quantity, he may have learnt something of one narrow department of their naturean important department, no doubt. But of all the rest of it, few persons are generally more ignorant, because there are few from whom it is so carefully hidden. (Subjection of Women 1)If society really wanted to discover what is truly natural in gender relations, Mill argued, it should establish a free market for all of the services women perform, ensuring a fair economic return for their contributions to the general welfare. Only then would their practical choices be likely to reflect their genuine interests. In the patriarchal culture, many women are trapped by social expectations in the traditional forms of marriage, which had its origins as bondage or involuntary servitude. Although Mill granted that some men are less despotic toward their wives than the laws would permit, he supposed this a mixed blessing and noted those who wish to do so find little difficulty in securing a slave-wife. Mill saw no reason why either partner in a marriage should dominate the other; he proposed that a family governed by consenual separation of functions could, in principle become a profoundly serious example of free association. What marriage may be in the case of two persons of cultivated faculties, identical in opinions and purposes, between whom there exists that best kind of equality, similarity of powers and reciprocal superiority in themso that each can enjoy the luxury of looking up to the other, and can have alternately the pleasure of leading and of being led in the path of developmentI will not attempt to describe. To those who can conceive it, there is no need; to those who cannot, it would appear the dream of an enthusiast. But I maintain, with the profoundest conviction, that this, and this only, is the ideal of marriage; and that all opinions, customs, and institutions which favour any other notion of it, or turn the conceptions and aspirations connected with it into an y other direction, by whatever pretences they may be coloured, are relics of primitive barbarism. (Subjection of Women 4)Although few men can presently tolerate the prospect of living in intimate association with a genuinely equal partner, Mill clearly believed it not only possible but highly desirable to do so. Thus, the liberation of women from patriarchal restrictions holds great promise for human life generally. The individual property rights of women ought to be wholly independent of their marital status, for example, and their right to participate in the political process ought to be granted completely. (Efforts to secure suffrage for women had been a major issue of Mills own service in the British Parliament. ) Not only can women think as well as men, Mill argued, but their thought and experience inclines them to be more flexible and practical in applied reasoning and, perhaps, therefore morally superior to men. Certainly the provision of social equality for women would serve the general welfare of society by promoting justice, enhancing moral sensitivity, and securing liberty for all.

Candidates for the 1996 election essays

Candidates for the 1996 election essays William Jefferson Clinton was a candidate of the democratic party. He was born on August 19, 1946, in Hope, Arkansas. Although he was defeated in his campaign for Congress in Arkansas's Third District in 1974, Clinton was elected Arkansas Attorney General in 1976, and won the governorship in 1978. He lost a bid for the second term, but he regained the office four years later, and served until he defeated incumbent George Bush and third party candidate Ross Perot in the 1992 presidential race. The vice president running under Bill Clinton was Albert Arnold Gore, Jr. Robert Joseph Dole, born July 22, 1923, in Russell, Kansas, is a former United States Representative and Senator. He ran for office and was elected to the State house of representatives serving a two year term ending in 1953. Dole was also elected as a Republican to the Eighty-Seventh Congress and to three following Congresses. In 1968 he was elected to the United States Senate. He was reelected to the Senate in 1974, and again in 1980, 1986, and 1992. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Vice President of the U.S. in 1976, and for the Republican Presidential nomination in 1988. He is best known as being the Majority Leader of the Senate. Running under Dole as vice president was Jack French Kemp. Henry Ross Perot, a businessman and activist, born June 27, 1930, in Texarkana, Texas, founded the successful data processing company, Electronic Data Systems. In the following decades Perot became known for his international and philanthropic concerns. Perot was also noted for his campaign to improve the school systems of the state of Texas and his contributions to various schools and educational institutions. He entered politics in 1992 as the Independent Party candidate for U.S. president. He entered the election of 1996 as the reform party. Running under Ross Perot for vice president was Pat Choate. ...

Spell Check Isnt Foolproof!

Spell Check Isnt Foolproof! Spell Check Isn’t Foolproof! Spell Check Isn’t Foolproof! By Mary â€Å"But it can’t have spelling mistakes! I ran spell check!† I hear this quite often. While running spell check on your documents is very important, it certainly is not a foolproof means of making sure that your documents are error free. Spell check will let you know if there is a group of letters in your document that doesn’t actually form a word. If you type â€Å"fjdklfjdlf† into a document, spell check will catch that this isn’t an actual word. However, if you send an email to your mom asking her to buy you a new â€Å"pear of pants,† spell check won’t let you know that you should have used pair instead of pear. No matter how careful you are with spell check, there is no substitute for (a) proofreading your work yourself and (b) having someone else proof it for you. There’s no substitute for a common sense check. There are too many similar words in a language to ever be able rely 100% on spell check to get rid of all of your spelling errors. I’m a professional writer and business communications trainer, and I know from personal experience that you can’t always trust spell check. One of my more entertaining typos that spell check didn’t catch occurred in an article I wrote a few weeks ago about wedding anniversary gifts. This is what I wrote: with love and infection This is what I meant: with love and affection Fortunately, I proofed my work before sending it to the client for publication. I laughed when I caught the error, because it is kind of funny and ironic, but I don’t think my client would have been very entertained. If the article had gone to the client with this mistake, I could very well have lost a project. Don’t use spell check as a crutch. Don’t take a chance on losing business or sounding ignorant just because you won’t take the time to proofread your work. Just remember there’s no substitute for common cents. Oops, sense! Darn that spell check! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should KnowThat vs. WhichGlimpse and Glance: Same or Different?

Portfolio AT&T Horizontal and Vertical Analysis Essay

Portfolio AT&T Horizontal and Vertical Analysis - Essay Example AT&T had a net margin of 11.93%. In comparison with the industry average net margin of 7.8% the firm’s net margin is 4.03% higher (Dun & Bradstreet, 2012). As of September 30, 2012 the total assets of AT&T were $266,849 million dollars. In comparison with fiscal year 2011 the total assets of the firm decreased by 1%. †Total assets include cash and other items of value that can be converted into cash that are owned by a person or company† (Crutchfield, 2012).The current assets of the company in 2012 were $18,958 million which represents a decline in current assets of $4,069 million in comparison with the previous year. Based on the vertical performed the current assets of the company represent 7% of total assets. The current and total liabilities of the company during 2012 were $30,758 million and $165,575 million respectively. The current ratio shows the ability of the company to pay off its current debt. AT&T’s current ratio during 2012 was 0.62. The curren t ratio of the company is bad considering the fact that a good current ratio is above the 1.0 threshold. The formula to calculate current ratio is current assets divided by current liabilities. AT&T must improve its current ratio; otherwise the company might face liquidity problems. The return on assets (ROA) metric measures how profitable a company is in relation to its total assets (Investopedia, 2012). A high ROA is the preferable outcome. During 2012 the return on equity of the company was 4.24%. In comparison with the industry average of 17% AT&T is not exploiting and generating sufficient income from its assets (Dun & Bradstreet, 2012). The return on equity of AT&T in 2012 was 11.17%. Return on equity (ROE) is calculated by taking a year's worth of earnings and dividing them by the average shareholder equity for that year (Fool, 2012). The firm’s debt ratio is 0.62. A debt ratio is a financial metric that measures how much debt a company has in relation to its assets. T he firm’s debt to equity ratio is 1.63. The debt to equity ratio is calculated dividing total equity by the total assets of the company. The financial analysis performed on AT&T shows that the company has good profitability, but the firm seems to be using too much debt to finance its operations. The low current ratio of the company is a warning sign. Assuming the company enjoys the same revenue growth of 1% in the following fiscal the projected sales of the company in 2013 are $95,162 million. Credit Worthiness The creditworthiness of a corporation can be evaluated in a variety of ways. Corporations just like individuals have credit scores from the major credit agencies. This information is private and not accessible to the general public. Banking institution gain access to a firm’s credit scores whenever a firm applies for a loan or others financial instruments. An investor can evaluate the credit worthiness of a firm using a combination of ratios. The current ratio m easures a firm’s ability to pay off its current or short term debts. The debt to equity and debt ratio are two good indicators of how much leverage a firm has in the long term. Comparing these ratios to the industry standard is a good way to determine the credit position of the firm. Management Discussion and Analysis Four key findings for the MD&A section of the annual report of AT&T are: The future of wireless growth depends on the ability of companies to provide new innovative services and devices. The managerial staff

(consumer behavior) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

(consumer behavior) - Essay Example Questionnaires with appropriate scales were used to randomly collect data from people in different areas in an undisclosed city in the UK. After testing for validity and reliability, the collected data were quantitatively analysed using the structural equation modelling together with invariant tests with age and gender as moderators; those aged between 17 and 40 were considered as young while those above 40 were taken to be old (Aroean 72). It was found out that innovativeness could be a predictor of playful consumption and brand consumption though the latter does not predict playful consumption. This is an important article in understanding the role that consumers and behavioural perspectives play with regard to playful consumption. Organisations would find this research important in satisfying â€Å"innovative, playful consumers† thus the need for playful product brands (Aroean 70). As such, brand managers could retrieve relevant information to boost brand loyalty and share. Interestingly, the research reveals that switching brands does not pass as a predictor of playful consumption which means that marketers should not be concerned with their innovative customers who find varied play brands. But even so, these consumers would need to be constantly supplied with new playful rewards in form of new products so as to avoid adaptation. Nonetheless, the use of random sampling makes this study less desirable to marketers seeking to penetrate specific target markets with specific products. Eckhardt, G. M. and Houston, M. J. â€Å"On the Malleable Nature of Product Meaning in China.† Journal of Consumer Behaviour 7.6 (2008): 484 – 495. Wiley Online Library. Web. 29 October 2012 It is known that customers attach various meanings to products guided by context. But little research has been done to determine the source of this variation. Just like the other consumers, Chinese consumers hold multiple meanings

Martin Luther King Jr Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther King Jr Essay Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Atlanta, Georgia on January 15, 1929. He was born during a time when black people did not have the rights which they have today. He experienced racial discrimination when their white neighbors refused to let him play with their boys. When he was five years old his mother persuaded the first grade teacher, Miss Dickerson, to make room for him in her class. Even though he started several weeks after the other children, he soon caught up with them academically and even surpassed them before the year was over. Miss Lemon, his teacher taught him to be independent. She taught him if there was an injustice, he could rebel, but still keep his dignity and find quiet ways to resist. She inspired her students to learn about black history and take pride in their heritage. When he was 15 years old he entered Morehouse College. After two years in school he decided he could best serve others by becoming a minister. He became assistant minister of the Ebenezer Baptist church where his father was minister. The following year he graduated from college, being only 19 years old. He then attended Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. While he was at Crozer he began to study the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi urged people to not fight, but to protest peacefully. Martin saw this method of non-violent resistance as the answer to the unfair treatment blacks received in America. At Boston University he met Coretta Scott who became his wife. They had four children.When he graduated from Boston University he became the minister of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. On August 28, 1963 Martin Luther King and other leaders led a march into Washington D.C. Over 200,000 people marched from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial. It was here where Martin Luther delivered his I Have a Dream message.

The Government of Ancient Rome :: essays research papers

Rome is located on the Tiber River in Italy. This environment provided arable land, and therefore had good crops. In addition, a peninsula provided access to the sea on both sides. Rome had a Mediterranean climate, and the Tiber provided sources of water for easy access to the sea and transportation. The Alps and the Apennines provided the water for Rome?s river system, and the ash from nearby volcanoes provided fertile soil, as to further promote the wellness of the arable land. There were natural harbors, providing trade and economy growth. Rome had a tripartite government that maintained elements of monarchy, oligarchy, and republic. Rome?s tripartite government had three branches. The branches were executive, legislative, and judicial. The first branch was the executive branch. The executive branch had magistrates who represented the tradition of monarchy, led the government and the army, acted as judges and high priests, and occupied the ruling position once held by a king. They also managed tax collection and the maintenance of roads. Consuls, or the two leaders elected by citizen?s representatives, held the highest office of state and powers, and conducted games in the Circus Maximus. They also helped the Genoese merchants and sailors with difficulties with local authorities. Praetors heard cases, developed much of the civil and criminal law, and some had jurisdiction over important criminal cases. Censors, or the ?moral guardians? of Rome, assessed wealth of citizens, and supervised public morals and management of public finances. The dictator had military control, and was temporarily all-powerful. The dictator also dictated policies in times of need. The second branch was the legislative branch. The legislative branch had a senate that passed many decrees, represented the tradition of oligarchy, advised consuls, and controlled state finances and passed laws. Patricians were the upper class, ran the government, and acted as leaders. The third branch was the judicial branch. The judicial branch had an assembly that represented the democratic element of the Roman Republic, placed men in classes according to how much military equipment they could provide, and elected tribunes, or the representatives of the common people, or plebeians. There was a council of plebeians, which had little power, could not hold office, and could not serve as priests, because they were common people. The Roman Republic ensured a system of checks and balances. Checks and balances means to keep any one branch of government from gaining more power than the others gain.

Is It Ethical or Not? Essay

This study examined the ethical aspect of human cloning. By considering the promises and perils which it could bring to mankind as well as by scrutinizing the arguments of both supporters and opponents of employment of human cloning the study tried to define whether human cloning can be regarded as unethical procedure. The argumentation considered in the study testifies that there is not unanimous consent among the scholars as to ethical justifiability of human cloning, although the most scepticism of its opponents could be easily rebutted. In sum, the study demonstrated that human cloning can and has to be regarded as ethical procedure provided that it is properly used, as it promises substantial advantages in treating infertility, in transplantology and other branches of medical science. On February 22, 1997, the news that scientists had cloned an adult animal – the sheep Dolly – spread round the globe (Cantrell, 1998, p. 69). Unsurprisingly, as the possibility of cloning humans emerged on the horizon, people were worrying about the morality of using the new technology. Then and now they have been anxious about the ethical borders that might be crossed when duplicate humans can be produced by separating the cells of a newly fertilized human egg or, in the more distant future, by creating a zygote from an existing person’s genetic material. When Dolly’s birth was announced, countries throughout the world had already initiated efforts to prohibit human cloning. Australia, Denmark, United Kingdom, Germany, and Spain are among the countries outlawing human cloning (Walters, 2004, p. 5). Opposition came from other groups, including the World Health Organization, numerous religious bodies such as the Vatican, and even the American Society of Reproductive Medicine. Outlawed in one way or another by numerous nations, damned by the General Assembly of the World Health Organization as â€Å"ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality†, prohibited by the European Commission with its Biotechnology Patents Directive, by the Council of Europe with its Bioethics Convention, and by UNESCO with its Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, without a doubt human cloning received massive disapproval (Gillon, 2001, p. 184). But not all scholars agreed with those conclusions and many did not support such rapid passing of banning legislations on human cloning (Childress, 2003, p. 17). The purpose of this study is to reveal whether human cloning is really unethical as the public opinion and most governments consider it. Toward this end we will investigate the advantages and weaknesses of human cloning, explore carefully the arguments of both advocates and opponents of it, consider possible consequences of human cloning implementation in our life, and make the conclusions. For an entire planet standing at a critical crossroads, cloning offers both promises and perils. For humans the promises extend into all sorts of possibilities, such as finding drugs that would alleviate serious diseases, cultivating one’s own bone marrow as well as solid organs for transplantation, and genetically altering animals such as pigs in order to provide perfectly compatible organs for transplantation into humans. As an extension of reproductive techniques, the possibilities in human cloning promise ways both to relieve infertility and to prevent the transmission of genetic diseases (Brannigan, 2001b, p. 241). There are also disturbing possibilities, particularly when we consider what is traditionally regarded as the nucleus of society – the family, for which enough radical changes have already taken place in the past century. As we have moved into the twenty-first century, human cloning may pose the ultimate challenge to our notions of family, and its possibilities pose special hazards because the field of reproductive technology is without any real government regulation or oversight. And extreme caution will be needed to prevent the kind of profiteering that human cloning may engender (McGee, 2000, p. 267). Indeed, human cloning profoundly challenges our deepest and most cherished beliefs about what it means to be human. It impressively duns mankind of the radical nature of the connection between ontology and morality. The questions raised by human cloning reveal all the more plainly the intimate rapport among matters of identity, meaning, and morality.

Making reference to Language and imagery Essay

The play of â€Å"Macbeth† is based around a soldier who went by the name of Macbeth Ambition got the better of Macbeth and drove him to work his way up the hierarchy by whatever means he thought was necessary. Of course he did meet some obstacles on the way, but instead of hurdling over them he got rid of them. Eliminating these obstacles is what caused Macbeth’s transition from a â€Å"brave Macbeth† to â€Å"abhorred heir† by the end of the play. However it’s not a clear cut answer. There were many contributing factors. It wasn’t simply all Macbeth’s doing that got him where he was at the end of the play. Many characters played a role in his downfall. At the start of the play we do not meet Macbeth but we are told about him, ‘For brave Macbeth, well he deserves that name,’ here is where a soldier is speaking to King Duncan and telling him that Macbeth does deserve to be called brave. This is where we first hear of Macbeth before we actually meet him. The next thing that the soldier tells Duncan is a small piece of description of why Macbeth should be called brave, ‘Disdaining fortune, with his brandish’d steel, Which smok’d with bloody execution,’ Here Shakespeare uses certain dramatic words to create an image of what Macbeth was like. The way the soldier tells Duncan that Macbeth’s steel was covered with bloody execution, which gives us an image of a man covered in blood from the people he has executed. When Macbeth meets the three witches for the first time he is immediately interested in what they have to say and he does ask them to speak if they can. Macbeth’s immediate reaction to what the witches had said was interesting, he wanted to know more as he was confused by the prophesy of him becoming King, ‘Speak, I charge you’ here Macbeth tries to order the witches to say more but they vanish. The witches were very smart; they told Macbeth the hard facts but they didn’t tell him how or when he would be King or Thane Cawdor. This leaves him hanging. Macbeth and Banquo are, as expected, shocked. The witches here could have simply be spinning a line of lies and see if Macbeth would grab it as he did and the witches now know that Macbeth must be pretty easily convinced as he was when he heard the prophesies. Macbeth and Banquo, when the witches are gone, then think if what they had seen and heard was actually there or were they going mad, ‘where such things here as we do speak about? Or have we eaten on the insane root. That takes the reason prisoner?’ Here Banquo asks Macbeth if what they are talking about was actually there or have they eaten on the insane root and just gone mad. So even when they have heard the prophecy it shows you how shocked they are if they are questioning their own sanity. Macbeth may take the bait from the witches but Banquo tries to worn Macbeth that there must be evil forces at work and that it may seem in his favour now but there is something sinister in the predictions, ‘What, can the devil speak true?’ Banquo here tries to convince Macbeth that can these witches related to the devil speak truth and so he tries to over throw Macbeth’s thoughts to forget about the prophesies and just to carry on as normal. The first seed of ambition that is thrown to Macbeth came from the witches’ prophecy of Macbeth becoming King. However the seed did not start to grow until Macbeth hears that he is going to become the new Thane of Cawdor this being the first prophecy made by the witches come true. At this point Macbeth and Banquo had decided to let the future take care of itself. However when he was told that he would be the new Thane of Cawdor a bell started to ring in his head. Soon after this, Duncan makes his son Malcolm the Prince of Cumberland and Duncan invites himself to Macbeth’s Castle. Everything is falling into place for Macbeth and he sees his chance to become King; obviously Duncan was not planning on making Macbeth the next King. However Macbeth then had a problem and that was Malcolm, ‘The Prince of Cumberland _ that is a step, On which I must fall down, or else o’erleep, For in my way it lies.’ This is where Macbeth realises that he has a hurdle to overleap in order to for fulfil his ambition to become King of Scotland. This is where Shakespeare tries to explain Macbeths’ situation in a simple way by creating an image of a staircase, Malcolm on the step above him and the King ‘Duncan’ above that. This is where he has a choice of whether to get rid of Malcolm or some how get him out of the way so that he could fall into the place or step that he was on and then he would be another step closer to becoming the King. Duncan appears to continuously present Macbeth with gifts and titles. This fuels Macbeth’s ambition and makes him yearn for more authority, such as to be the King of Scotland. Presenting Macbeth with gifts and titles led to Macbeths’ transition or you could say his tragedy, but Duncan cannot be entirely to blame because he was simply rewarding Macbeth for his triumphs and bravery on the battlefield over much larger armies, ‘What he hath lost noble Macbeth hath won.’ Here we get a great feeling that Macbeth is a very strong and powerful soldier on the battlefield. Here it says that what other soldiers have lost, such as a battle or war, Macbeth will definitely win. Lady Macbeth latches on to the idea of Macbeth being King as soon as she reads his letter describing the prophesy. She has no doubt that the prophecy will come true, but she does fear that her husband is, ‘to full o’ ‘the milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way.’ Lady Macbeth immediately sees that killing Duncan is necessary for Macbeth to become King, and she has no concern for how evil that plan is. As soon as she sees him, she begins convincing him that he should kill the King. Macbeth does not agree, but later in scene seven, he tells Lady Macbeth: ‘We will proceed no further in this business’. She responds by attacking his manhood, calling him a coward and referring to a promise she never made. ‘I would while it was smiling in my face Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, And dash the brains out, had I so sworn as you Have you done to this’. Macbeth never made a promise to kill Duncan but Lady Macbeth is trying to manipulate him by saying if she had made a promise to kill her child she would, Macbeth has sworn to kill Duncan but she is simply playing with his mind and trying to get him to go along with the murder. Later on in scene seven Macbeth tells his wife that he doesn’t want to take the positions away from the soldiers or Thanes because they have earned their position and clothes that hey wear, he just wanted to become King the easiest and quickest way. Lady Macbeth tries to explain to her husband that there will be an obstacle or downside along the way, ‘Letting ‘I dare not’ wait upon ‘I would,’ Like the poor cat i’ th’ adage?’ Lady Macbeth here tries to be persuasive by telling Macbeth that she would not let fear get the better of her as he was starting to do. She then uses the proverb an ‘adage’ to try and explain that obstacles often occur when someone really wants something and puts his situation into a way that he could relate to. Lady Macbeth said to Macbeth the cat wanted the fish but would not get her paws wet, translating into Macbeths’ case, he wanted to become King but didn’t want to kill for it. After the murder of Duncan Lady Macbeth has to assure Macbeth that what is done is done and not to think about it as it will drive him insane. Macbeth was still shaken after the murder and took the daggers, that he killed the guards with, back with him. Lady Macbeth then had to take charge, ‘Infirm of purpose! Give me the daggers.’ Lady Macbeth even after the murder is still insulting her husband and calls him weak minded. Lady Macbeth plays an important role in Macbeths’ transition. Lady Macbeth is like her husbands bad conscience, there were many points in the play where Macbeth would have pulled out from murdering Duncan but his wife tried her best and seceded in convincing Macbeth that he should murder Duncan. However I do not think that she can be held entirely to blame; Macbeth had free will to do what he wanted; Lady Macbeth simply backed him up. Therefore it was through Macbeths’ decisions he became the man he was at the end of the play. You could say that he was some what forced into murdering Banquo. ‘It is concluded! Banquo, thy soul’s flight, If it find heaven, must find it tonight.’ Here Macbeth has plotted the death of Banquo, and is pleased that his friend would soon be dead. He does all this without any prompting at all from Lady Macbeth; he does this simply because the witches had said that Banquo’s descendants would be Kings. Macbeth furthers his own transition by having Macduff’s family killed. ‘The castle of Macduff I will surprise, Seize upon Fife, give to the edge o’ the sword His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate sould That trace him in his line.’ Straight after the second prophesy, which warns him to beware the Thane of Fife, that being Macduff. Lennox brings word that Macduff has fled to England. Angered, and the words from the prophesy that he has interpreted to mean that Macduff may be a threat, Macbeth orders the household of Macduff slaughtered. When Macduff had found this out he was truly convinced that Macbeth is evil, and rallied the armies of proud England to march against the sick Scotland. Therefore, by destroying the Macduff household, Macbeth brung about his own downfall or transition by the end of the play. Prior to this Macbeth once again made another step towards his own transition. He yearned for the knowledge that the witches possessed and he couldn’t do anything without knowing what was going to happen in the future. The second time Macbeth went to visit the witches they had three new prophecies for him, ‘The power of man, for none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth’ This first prophesy is simply saying that the person born not of a woman shall harm Macbeth. Macbeth thinks that this is impossible, what he doesn’t realise is that Macduff was born by a suzerain ‘Macbeth shall never vanquish’d be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill Shall come against him.’ Here the witches say that only harm will come to Macbeth when Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane, which Macbeth thinks is impossible. The other prophesy was, ‘Beware Macduff, Beware the Thane of Fife.’ Here the witches are simply telling Macbeth to beware Macduff. As he believed all the prophesies he made them come true, so we don’t actually know whether they simply fed him a line and influenced his thinking knowing that he was ambitious and would make these prophesies come true. This is yet another factor in Macbeths’ downfall. Macbeth surprisingly actually tries to comfort himself and in a way he tries to justify what he has done, ‘I am in blood stepped in so far that returning were as tedious as go o’er.’ Macbeth here is trying to say that going back from what he had done would be as tedious as it was committing the murder, he seems to think that because he is so far stepped in blood and cannot turn back that it makes everything alright which it certainly doesn’t. Even though Macbeth sees Banquo’s ghost he doesn’t seem to show any remorse. However the ghost does startled him and he doesn’t feel like a man when the ghost is there, ‘Enter GHOST, And to our dear friend Banquo whom we miss; Would he were here. To all, and him we thirst And all to all.’ Banquo’s ghost enters the banquet and Macbeth decides to propose a toast to Banquo, it’s as if Macbeth is tying taunt Banquo’s ghost, Macbeth is not really sorry and he wouldn’t rather Banquo be there he is simply boasting to the ghost that he had him killed. However at the point when the armies of England are closing in on Dunsinane, where Macbeth’s castle is, Macbeth seems remorseful. It seems that his darker side was turning towards the light, but still, Macbeth refused to let anyone or anything threat his reign, except his death. ‘But get thee back my soul is too much charged With the blood of thine already.’ Shakespeare uses imagery here to show how Macbeths’ soul is fully charged like a battery but with all the bad deeds he had committed. This part of the play is where Macbeth is confronted by Macduff and he is remorseful that he has killed Macduff’s household. But nevertheless the deed was done and Macbeth could only blame himself for it. In conclusion I think that Macbeth was more so to blame for his own transition. He may have been pushed into the murdering of Duncan but everything else he made his own mind up about. Sure there where many limiting factors in Macbeths’ transition such as Lady Macbeth, the witches and another big factor being his ambition which was probably reflecting his decision making but this cannot be excused as he knew exactly what he was doing and what his aim was, to become the King of Scotland. However he does show some remorse before he is killed. Before Macbeth was killed Macduff started to fight with him but Macbeth could fight no more and so Macbeth was beheaded. This does show that he may have finally realised what he had done or that he was blinded from the truth by his ambitions.

Enlightenment essay Essays

Enlightenment essay Essays Enlightenment essay Essay Enlightenment essay Essay The Age of Enlightenment also referred to as the Age of Reason was an intellectual movement that characterized the world of ideas in Europe in the course of the 18th century (Roberson 246). There are different factors that led to the Enlightenment movement. They include the power struggle between the state and the church. It was also caused by the discovery of new societies by the West with different cultural traditions and values. In addition, many intellectuals were angered by the unwillingness of their governments to provide personal rights. These factors led to the introduction of a cultural revolution which enhanced new ideas and principles regarding economic, political and most importantly, philosophical debates. Increasing skepticism and concerns over the absolute authority of the church and the state sparked a revolution which focused on individualism, self-determination and liberty among other change agents (Roberson 246. The thinkers of Enlightenment valued democracy and eq uality. The Age of Enlightenment would have a lasting effect throughout the world. Although it was a major phenomenon during the 18th century, its impacts are still felt on most of the major documents of the world. As a matter of fact, in the absence of this period, perhaps the US would not be in existence today. While in Europe, most of the Americas founding fathers met and shared with the Enlightenment thinkers. As a result, they brought back their ideas and principles to America. Most important is the fact that the Enlightenment entailed different ideas that were based on reason as the main pillar of authority and legitimacy, which later came to promote ideas like constitutional government, liberty, and tolerance (Outram 29). Other ideals include separation of church and state and fraternity. Outram, Dorinda. Panorama of the Enlightenment. Getty Publications, p. 29 Roberson, Rusty. Enlightened Piety during the Age of Benevolence: The Christian Knowledge Movement in the British Atlantic World. Church History, 85.2: 246

60 Writing Topics for Extended Definitions

60 Writing Topics for Extended Definitions Simply put, a definition is a statement of the meaning of a word or phrase. An extended definition goes beyond what can be found in a dictionary,  offering an expanded analysis and illustration  of a concept that might be abstract, controversial, unfamiliar, or frequently misunderstood. Take, for example, writings such as William James Pragmatic Theory of Truth or John Bergers The Meaning of Home. Approaching the Abstract Abstract concepts, including many of the broad terms in the list that follows, need to be brought to earth with an example to relate what they mean to your reader and to get your point or opinion across. You could illustrate the concepts with anecdotes from your personal life or examples from the news or current events, or write an opinion piece.  Theres no single method for  developing  and  organizing  a paragraph or essay by extended definition. The 60 concepts listed here can be defined in various ways and from different points of view. Brainstorming and Prewriting Start with brainstorming your topic. If you work well with lists, write the word at the top of the paper and fill the rest of the page with all the things that the word makes you think of, feel, see, or even smell, without stopping. Its OK to go off on tangents, as you might find a surprising connection that could make a powerful, insightful, or even humorous essay. Alternatively, brainstorm by writing the word in the middle of your paper and connect other related words to it and each other. As you develop your angle, think about the concepts background, features, characteristics, and parts. What is the concepts opposite? What are its effects on you or others? Something in your list or word map will spark a writing idea or theme to use to illustrate the abstract concept, and then its off to the races. If you run into a dead end the first time, go back to your list and pick another idea. Its possible that your first draft turns out to be prewriting and leads to a better idea that can be developed further and can possibly even incorporate the prewriting exercise. Time spent writing is time spent exploring and is never wasted, as sometimes it takes a bit of pursuit to discover the perfect idea. If seeing examples will help spark your essay, take a look at Gifts, by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Gore Vidals Definition of Prettiness, or A Definition of Pantomime, by Julian Barnes. 60 Topic Suggestions Looking for a place to start? Here are 60 words and phrases so broad that writings on them could be infinite: TrustKindnessSexismGumptionRacismSportsmanshipHonorModestySelf-assuranceHumilityDedicationSensitivityPeace of mindRespectAmbitionRight to privacyGenerosityLazinessCharismaCommon senseTeam playerMaturityIntegrityHealthy appetiteFrustrationOptimismSense of humorLiberalConservativeA good (or bad) teacher or professorPhysical fitnessFeminismA happy marriageTrue friendshipCourageCitizenshipSuccessA good (or bad) coachIntelligencePersonalityA good (or bad) roommatePolitical correctnessPeer pressureLeadershipPersistenceResponsibilityHuman rightsSophisticationSelf-respectHeroismThriftSlothVanityPrideBeautyGreedVirtueProgressA good (or bad) bossA good (or bad) parent

Speech on anorexia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Speech on anorexia - Essay Example Whatever the influence, it is clear that Anorexia can be influenced by external forces and these forces must be addressed immediately in order to create a healthier citizen population. Contemporary marketing theory generally describes the utilisation of celebrity endorsements as a means to build consumer loyalty towards a particular product. Advertisements often display well-known celebrity women, fitting the generic female stereotype for beauty and fitness, as a means to create connection between the company’s brand and the end consumer. However, women in today’s society maintain a wide variety of different body types with only a handful of these consumers fitting the body profile of the proverbial Size Zero celebrity or model endorsement. In this situation, marketing efforts create a disconnect between healthy body image and personal self-esteem. The citizen (or the consumer) witnesses advertisements which illustrate the corporate viewpoint of body perfection, making the everyday woman feel both inferior to the celebrity being illustrated and that they are somehow abnormal. Oftentimes, this feeling of inferiority leads to radical changes in eating habits to avoid simply getting fat (or to try to mimic the body type of the celebrity). Over time, this methodology becomes an everyday part of life, becoming an obsession, leading to chronic health problems caused from malnutrition. From a marketing and media perspective, clearly if advertising and promotional literature maintains the ability to impact citizens negatively and develop Anorexia where none previously existed, there needs to be changes to the current marketing philosophy utilised by a wide variety of companies today. Without the necessary social programmes in place to combat negative media influence on eating disorders, the only viable option is to change the method by which advertisers try to create connection with its consumers. Additionally, outside of media influence, peer pressure often